ACS Biochemistry Practice Exam

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• What type of molecules elute last in size-exclusion chromatography?
• Which cycle converts 2-phosphoglycerate back into 3-phosphoglycerate?
• In which part of the cell does the first step of the urea cycle occur?
• What is the significance of the Lineweaver-Burke graph in enzyme kinetics?
• Which of the following factors decreases the binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
• What is the primary role of the reducing end in sugars?
• What type of reaction occurs in the first committed step of glycolysis?
• How is myoglobin's quaternary structure described?
• What is the reactant in the gluconeogenic bypass of step 10?
• What configuration of Fe is characterized by electrons being "spread out"?
• What is the function of iodoacetate in protein chemistry?
• Glutamine is particularly important in which physiological process?
• What happens to odd-numbered fatty acids during oxidation?
• What is the result of α-subunit hydrolyzing GTP to GDP?
• In what way does GPCR signaling terminate?
• What describes cooperative protein folding?
• In the urea cycle, what is the initial substrate converted into carbamoyl phosphate?
• In nitrogen metabolism, what is the significance of regulating glutamine synthetase?
• Which structure is characteristic of pyranose sugars?
• Which of the following statements is true regarding enzyme Km?
• Which molecule is activated by cAMP in the epinephrine signaling pathway?
• What is typically observed in T-State heme compared to R-State heme?
• What is a notable feature of the Ramachandran plot for proline?
• What is the role of NADH in gluconeogenesis?
• What role does Mg2+ play in the function of RuBisCO?
• What role do Flippase, Floppase, and Scramblase play in membrane dynamics?
• What characteristic defines a σ-hole?
• What is the pKa value of the R-group of Lysine?
• What is a distinguishing feature of parallel β-sheets compared to anti-parallel ones?
• In the Lineweaver-Burke equation, what does the y-intercept represent?
• Which enzyme serves as the catalyst in the first committed step of glycolysis?
• At which steps of the Citric Acid Cycle does regulation occur?
• What primary group does glutamine donate in transamination reactions?
• What type of reaction occurs in Step 9 of glycolysis?
• What type of interaction is described by π-π ring stacking?
• Which structure is characterized as a lipid-soluble electron carrier?
• What type of protein structure is characterized by 7 transmembrane helices?
• What defines a reducing sugar?
• Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?
• What happens to the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen when it is exposed to increased levels of carbon dioxide?
• How is α/ß protein folding characterized?
• What is released as a byproduct during the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA?
• What is the pKa of the R-group of cysteine?
• What does FADH2 primarily participate in during metabolism?
• What is a key characteristic of β-Barrel membrane proteins?
• What is the role of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in protein analysis?
• What does 2-carboxyarabinitol 1-phosphate do in relation to RuBisCO?
• What mechanism does βARK use to inhibit unwanted signaling?
• What role does PLP play in amidotransferase activity?
• Which amino acids can act as additive effectors for glutamine synthetase?
• Which steps in glycolysis are primarily responsible for ATP production?
• Which amino acid has a pKa of 4 in its R-group?
• When hemoglobin is in the T-state, what is the state of the iron in the heme group?
• What is the significance of isoelectric focusing in protein separation?
• Which process allows oxaloacetate to be used in gluconeogenesis?
• What is the significant product of Step 9 in glycolysis?
• What does the nitrogenase complex use to fix nitrogen?
• What do homologs share in common?
• What type of structure does the nitrogenase complex have?
• How is Malonyl-CoA primarily formed?
• What does phosphorylation by ATP do to the activity of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?
• What is the function of AKAP in cell signaling?
• How does the malate-aspartate shuttle contribute to cellular respiration?
• What does the R-State indicate about the heme and its binding?
• What is the reducing end of a sugar characterized by?
• What substance is used to reduce disulfide bonds in proteins?
• What is the reaction that represents the gluconeogenic bypass of Step 1?
• What process is altered by the kinase cascade initiated by INSR?
• What defines orthologs in genetics?
• How many ATP are required per 2 carbon units added during fatty acid synthesis in eukaryotes?
• What is the function of Complex II in the ETC?
• What is the main function of a restriction enzyme?
• What is the pKa value of aspartate's R-group?
• How many molecules of ATP are required for gluconeogenesis?
• What is the pKa value of histidine's R-group?
• What is the purpose of α-oxidation in fatty acid metabolism?
• How are TAGs formed from phosphatidic acid?
• What does the ΔGtransport equation quantify?
• Which of the following is the first ATP-generating step in glycolysis?
• What is the function of the malate-aspartate shuttle?
• Which of the following compounds is known to inhibit glutamine synthetase?
• What does the annealing step in PCR involve?
• What is the first step of glycolysis?
• What happens to the y-intercept in the presence of an uncompetitive inhibitor?
• Which type of genes are known as paralogs?
• What is a primary output of the Electron Transport Chain?
• Which molecule is generated when a fatty acid undergoes ß-oxidation?
• What defines α+ß protein folding?
• What effect does CO2 binding have on hemoglobin?
• Which metabolic pathway is directly associated with glycolysis?
• What happens to the concentration gradients due to ionophores?
• In the context of the Citric Acid Cycle, what is the initial substrate that undergoes the first transformation?
• What does TPP stand for in terms of its cofactor role?
• What is one regulatory role of Malonyl-CoA in metabolism?
• During which step of the urea cycle is urea produced?
• What is the primary function of phosphatidic acid in lipid metabolism?
• Which intermediate is formed in Stage 2 of the Calvin Cycle before glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?
• At which wavelength does DNA primarily absorb UV light?
• What substrate does transaldolase transfer?
• What is the main storage mechanism for CO2 in CAM plants?
• What is the immediate product of reactions catalyzed by pyruvate kinase in glycolysis?
• What effect do trans fats have on membrane fluidity?
• How is the slope of a Lineweaver-Burke plot calculated?
• What occurs in the case of non-competitive inhibition?
• What is described by the term 'homotropic regulation of binding'?
• Type III integral membrane proteins are characterized by:
• Which of the following compounds is NOT a glycolytic intermediate?
• How much total energy is produced by glycolysis?
• Which amino acid is not commonly found in α-helices?
• What is the purpose of the Hill plot in biochemistry?
• In competitive inhibition, how does the slope of the graph change?
• What type of bonding allows cellulose to form sheets?
• What initiates the formation of ketone bodies?
• Which compound is split off during ethanol fermentation and released as a byproduct?
• What is produced in step 3 of glycolysis in terms of energy currency?
• Which of the following compounds is involved in the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate?
• What does the ϴ-value quantify in binding reactions?
• Which pathway utilizes the activity of glutamine amidotransferase?
• What does the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation relate to in biochemistry?
• What type of receptors have tyrosine kinase activity?
• What does step 4 of ß-oxidation produce?
• What role does succinyl-CoA synthetase play in the Citric Acid Cycle?
• Which process is NOT directly linked to the action of glutamine synthetase?
• Which enzyme is responsible for converting arginine to ornithine in the urea cycle?
• What characterizes a Type I integral membrane protein?
• Which type of repeat is found in single-stranded DNA/RNA?
• Cellulose is primarily found in which type of organism?
• What is the product formed when glutamine amidotransferase acts on glutamine?
• What characteristic is true of inverted repeats found in DNA?
• What does the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway regenerate?
• How many protons are transferred to the Pside by Complex I during its function?
• What best describes the role of base pairing in DNA structure?
• What molecule is produced alongside Acetyl-CoA during the conversion of α-ketoglutarate?
• What does adenylyl cyclase catalyze in the context of epinephrine signal transduction?
• What makes α-hemolysin unique compared to other types of membrane proteins?
• What does the expression Ka represent in binding interactions?
• C4 plants fix CO2 into which compound to bypass O2 binding?
• What is a feature of Type IV integral membrane proteins?
• What is the average distance between backbones in an α-helix?
• In ion-exchange chromatography, which type of resin attracts positively charged proteins?
• Which enzyme is primarily responsible for the conversion of Acetyl-CoA and Oxaloacetate to Citrate in the Citric Acid Cycle?
• What is a key characteristic of ω-oxidation in fatty acid metabolism?
• What role do βARK and βarr play in GPCR signaling?
• What fundamental concept does the sigmoidal shape of the hemoglobin binding curve illustrate?
• Which energy state molecules activate the regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle?
• What is the structural feature of amylopectin compared to amylose?
• What is generated when dihydrolipoic acid is oxidized in the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?
• Which step of the Citric Acid Cycle involves the transformation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate?
• What type of enzyme is ribonucleotide reductase?
• How does glutamine amidotransferase contribute to amino acid metabolism?
• What molecule is primarily produced from G3P in the Calvin Cycle for storage?
• What type of linkage is used to form cellulose?
• What is the main function of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex?
• Glycoproteins typically attach to which amino acid residues?
• What factors inhibit pyruvate kinase?
• Which enzyme is used to convert trans-Δ2-enoyl-CoA to L-ß-hydroxy-acyl-CoA in step 2 of ß-oxidation?
• What is the total number of protons Complex IV transfers to the Pside?
• What byproduct is produced during the conversion of arginosuccinate to arginine in the urea cycle?
• What type of polysaccharide is starch primarily composed of?
• What is the function of glutamine in the body?
• Which structural feature is primarily associated with left-handed α-helices?
• What is the anomeric carbon in sugar chemistry?
• How do plants conduct ß-oxidation differently than animals?
• What is the conversion that occurs in Step 3 of the Citric Acid Cycle?
• During hydrophobic chromatography, which solvent is commonly used for elution?
• What does Kcat represent in enzyme kinetics?
• What type of bonds are formed between two -SH groups during protein folding?
• In size-exclusion chromatography, how are molecules separated?
• Where are glycoproteins predominantly located?
• What kind of linkages are found in amylopectin besides α-1,4 linkages?
• What does the enzyme glutamine synthetase primarily catalyze?
• What is the interaction pattern among side chains in α-helices?
• What is the function of the enzyme phosphoglycerate mutase?
• What does the reaction catalyzed by ornithine transcarbamoylase produce?
• Which of the following is a primary function of the F0 domain in mitochondrial ATP synthase?
• What are the products of the reaction catalyzed by arginosuccinate synthetase in the urea cycle?
• Which step in the Glyoxylate Cycle involves isocitrate lyase?
• Which compound is formed from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and inorganic phosphate in Step 6 of glycolysis?
• Which factors inhibit HMG-CoA reductase?
• What are the components produced during Step 8 of the Citric Acid Cycle?
• What is the function of Complex III in the ETC?
• What is the principle behind salting out in protein purification?
• What is the nature of the 'fringe' in protein-protein interactions?
• In non-competitive inhibition, where is the pivot point located on the graph?
• In the Citric Acid Cycle, which steps are responsible for the production of CO2?
• Which of the following is required for the activity of nitrogenase?
• Which receptor is considered the prototype for all GPCRs?
• What type of molecules inhibit the regulation of certain steps in the Citric Acid Cycle?
• In step 3 of ß-oxidation, which molecule is produced from L-ß-hydroxy-acyl-CoA?
• Which statement about SDS-PAGE is correct?
• What happens to cAMP when its signaling is no longer needed?
• What describes the 'core' of protein-protein interfaces?
• Which step of the Citric Acid Cycle is associated with the production of FADH2?
• Which of the following steps produces GTP in the Citric Acid Cycle?
• What type of structural configuration do mirror repeats typically form in RNA?
• Which reducing agent is known for breaking disulfide bonds in proteins?
• What is the role of denaturants in protein structure?
• What is a key feature of Z-form DNA?
• What is TFP (Trifunctional Protein) known for in fatty acid metabolism?
• What secondary messenger is formed from ATP in the GPCR signaling pathway?
• What is produced when 3 ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate molecules react with 3 CO2 molecules?
• What happens during Step 1 of epinephrine signal transduction?
• What is true about α-hemolysin?
• What is the pKa value of the R-group of Tyrosine?
• In step 3 of glycolysis, what is the conversion that takes place?
• Which metabolic cycle is directly linked to the action of glutamine synthetase?
• What happens to Acetyl-CoA when it reacts with Oxaloacetate?
• What specific angle is crucial for β-turns to form correctly?
• Which molecule donates electrons to Complex IV?
• Which step of the Citric Acid Cycle is considered the rate-limiting step?
• What is the primary feature of loops in protein structure?
• What does RuBisCO catalyze in the Calvin cycle?
• How do α-1,4 linkages in amylose affect its structure?
• Which two compounds are required for the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in Stage 2 of the Calvin Cycle?
• How many ATP molecules are consumed for every 3 CO2 molecules fixed in the Calvin Cycle?
• Which conversion occurs during the bypass of step 3 in gluconeogenesis?
• How many hydrogen bonds are formed between G-C base pairs?
• What type of reaction does the enzyme dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase facilitate?
• How is ammonia transported in the body?
• What is one of the products of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway?
• Which component allows for the binding of PKA to various signaling proteins?
• What distinguishes A-form DNA from other forms?
• Which compound is formed when Fructose 6-phosphate is converted in step 3?
• In which step do you find the conversion of L-Malate to Oxaloacetate?
• How many NADH are produced in one complete cycle of the Citric Acid Cycle?
• Which of the following describes the impact of mixed inhibition?
• What does fructose 2,6-bisphosphate activate in glycolysis?
• During the electron transport process, which cofactor is utilized by Complex I?
• What is the composition of hemoglobin's quaternary structure?
• Which reaction describes gluconeogenesis' energy cost in terms of GTP?
• Which enzyme is responsible for converting fumarate to L-Malate?
• What is the primary feature of glycogen in animals?
• What is the repeating sequence characteristic of collagen?
• Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of Citrate to Isocitrate?
• Which statement reflects Chargaff's Rule regarding nucleotide ratios?
• Which type of fats increases membrane fluidity?
• Which complex in the ETC accepts electrons from NADH via an FMN cofactor?
• In a parallel β-sheet, what alignment do the C and N-termini have?
• What is the orientation of hydrogen bonds in an anti-parallel β-sheet?
• Which proteins enhance GTPase activity in GPCR signaling?
• In C4 photosynthesis, what is the role of PEP carboxykinase?
• What describes Low-Spin Fe in regards to electron arrangement?
• What is the role of G3P dehydrogenase in glycolysis?
• In terms of binding affinity, what does Kd represent?
• What role does ATP play in the first step of glycolysis?
• Which binding parameter can be defined as the inverse of Ka?
• What happens to Q in Complex II of the ETC?
• What type of group does transketolase transfer?
• In which configuration is the -OR/OH group located in α sugars?
• How does protonation of the histidine group in hemoglobin affect its ability to bind oxygen?
• What is the effect of cooperative binding on the hemoglobin binding curve?
• A Type II integral membrane protein has which orientation?
• Which form of DNA is described as the Watson-Crick model?
• What is the melting step in the protein chain reaction (PCR) process?
• What is the effect of AMPK on HMG-CoA reductase?
• How does an increase in hydrogen ion concentration affect hemoglobin's binding affinity for oxygen?
• What characterizes β-turns in protein structures?
• Which reaction of the urea cycle occurs in the mitochondria?
• Which step in glycolysis generates the energy carrier molecule NADH?
• What is the role of N-acetylglutamate in the urea cycle?
• What structural configuration does the F1 domain of mitochondrial ATP synthase possess?
• What state is characterized by heme being in a high-spin state?
• What does denaturation often conclude with in the context of protein structure?
• What occurs when oxygen binds to hemoglobin in the T-state?
• Which compound acts as a prosthetic group and CO2 carrier in biochemical reactions?
• Which reaction is involved in converting pyruvate to alanine?
• What is the major product of the nitrogenase complex's activity?
• Which of the following would likely increase the activity of glutamine synthetase?
• What type of chromatography uses a ligand to bind specific proteins?
• What component of SDS-PAGE allows for protein visualization?
• Which feature of standard double-helix DNA helps in its replication?
• What is the product of the reaction catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase in the Citric Acid Cycle?
• Which compound is produced initially in the urea cycle?
• What process does the glucose-alanine cycle assist with?
• What is produced when α-ketoglutarate is converted into Succinyl-CoA?
• What is one of the functions of NADH in cellular metabolism?
• What changes occur in an uncompetitive inhibition graph?
• What are the two primary domains of mitochondrial ATP synthase?
• What is the primary purpose of lactic acid fermentation?
• What is the primary function of cardiolipin in membranes?
• What is the structural feature of an α-helix related to dipole moments?
• What amino acid is commonly found in α-helices?
• Which enzyme is involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetaldehyde during ethanol fermentation?
• What occurs when Fe3+ is exposed to an O2-rich environment?
• What role does glutamine amidotransferase play in biochemical pathways?
• Which of the following reactions occurs in step 2 of the urea cycle?
• What results from the binding of H2O to heme?
• What is the main function of glycogen in animals?
• Which of the following is NOT a component of ketone bodies?
• What does a rough folding funnel indicate?
• What defines a zymogen?
• Which enzyme does fructose 2,6-bisphosphate inhibit?
• What is the product of step 1 of ß-oxidation?
• What type of residues does chymotrypsin cleave at the C-terminal end?
• What is the competitive reaction in Rubisco's oxygenase activity?
• What distinguishes the hydrolysis of nucleotides in RNA from DNA?
• Which chromatography technique involves a pH gradient for separation?
• How frequently do α-helices turn according to the structure's characteristics?
• What is the role of malate dehydrogenase in the Citric Acid Cycle?
• Which substrate is essential for the activity of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)?
• How are the α-helices in α-keratin connected to each other?
• What does Tm represent in protein denaturation?
• What reaction occurs in Step 10 of glycolysis?
• What is a characteristic of the DNA double-helix structure?
• Which protein directly phosphorylates target proteins in the context of RTKs?
• What change occurs in Step 2 of the epinephrine signal transduction pathway?
• Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate to fructose 6-phosphate?
• In mixed inhibition, what characterizes the inhibitor?
• How does NADH convert to NAD+ during fermentation?
• What is the main role of phosphorylated PKA in the signaling cascade of epinephrine?
• What is the role of the activated α-subunit in Step 3 of epinephrine signal transduction?
• What provides stability in the structure of α-keratin?
• What is the cost in ATP for fatty acid synthesis in eukaryotes when transferring acetyl-CoA into the cytosol?
• What does a Ramachandran plot illustrate?
• Which enzyme is involved in the conversion of aspartate and citrulline to arginosuccinate?
• What is a major outcome of inhibited glutamine synthetase?
• What type of intermediate is involved in cholesterol synthesis?
• Which type of bonds are found between A-T base pairs?
• How does DNA stability differ between RNA and DNA under basic conditions?
• Which compound has a pKa of 12.5?
• What type of sugar structure is characteristic of furanose?
• What is the structure of bacteriorhodopsin?
• Which steps must be bypassed in gluconeogenesis?
• What is the equation represented by the Michaelis-Menton equation?
• What characterizes heterotropic regulation of binding?
• What role does 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) play in hemoglobin function?
• What role does cardiolipin play in biological membranes?
• Chitin is primarily made up of which monomer?
• What is the primary function of an ionophore in biological membranes?
• What does a folding funnel show in terms of energy states?
• In the Ramachandran plot for glycine, what characteristic is observed?
• What enzymatic process does Fatty-acid Synthetase (FAS) facilitate?
• What is the ultimate product of pyruvate in lactic acid fermentation?
• What technique uses UV light to analyze secondary structures in proteins?
• Which pathway uses glucose 6-phosphate to produce NADPH?
• How does Fe2+ differ from Fe3+ in terms of O2 binding?
• What type of molecule is FAD?
• Which component of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex contains the TPP cofactor?
• What does Km represent in the context of enzyme kinetics?
• Which complex in the ETC reduces O2 into water?
• What is the process of mutarotation?
• Which step involves the conversion of succinate to fumarate?
• What type of receptor binds adrenaline/epinephrine to stimulate glycogen breakdown?
• What key product does the Glyoxylate Cycle produce from two acetyl-CoA?
• Which intermediate is produced during ethanol fermentation?
• What is the product of the reaction catalyzed by succinyl-CoA synthetase?
• In the process of signal transduction, what is typically activated after the α-subunit releases from the βɣ-complex?
• What best describes the flexibility of loops in proteins?
• What is the product of Stage 2 of the Calvin cycle?
• What role does the Pi-Triose Phosphate anti-porter play in plant cells?
• What is the product of the NADH-producing step of glycolysis?
• What effects do PKA and phosphatase have on ACC (acetyl-CoA carboxylase)?
• What does FDNB primarily react with in proteins?
• What is the main purpose of using FMOC in chemical synthesis?
• What occurs during the auto-phosphorylation of the insulin receptor (INSR)?
• Which of the following steps consumes ATP in glycolysis?
• Protein folding is generally regarded as a transition that is what?
• Which substrate is necessary for the conversion of α-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA?
• How many functional protein complexes are present in the Electron Transport Chain (ETC)?
• In which step of glycolysis is NAD+ converted to NADH?
• Which process is described as "short-circuiting" the nitrogen cycle?
• Which enzyme is responsible for converting Glucose 6-phosphate to Fructose 6-phosphate?
• What is the role of HMG-CoA reductase in cholesterol metabolism?
• Which type of reaction does RuBisCO primarily facilitate in the Calvin Cycle?
• What is the structural composition of α-keratin?
• What defines G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)?
• What aspect is most emphasized with stabilization of denatured states?
• What is the primary function of aldolase in glycolysis?
• What is the main function of RuBisCO activase?
• What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate in gluconeogenesis?
• From how many acetyl-CoA units is cholesterol synthesized?
• What is required for the activation of Fatty-acid Synthetase?
• Which secondary structure is specifically characterized by a tight turn in polypeptide chains?
• What is required for the synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate?
• In cooperative binding, what happens after one subunit of hemoglobin transitions from T-state to R-state?
• How does competitive inhibition affect Vmax?
• What is a common application of affinity chromatography?
• What characteristic of proteins affects their movement in isoelectric focusing?
• What is the effect of INSR phosphorylation on IRS-1?
• Which step directly follows the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate?
• What is the main function of transketolase in Stage 3 of the Calvin Cycle?
• What is the product of the reaction catalyzed by aldolase in glycolysis?
• When glucose undergoes phosphorylation in glycolysis, what molecule is produced?
• What does the x-intercept represent in a Lineweaver-Burke plot?